RT Journal Article SR Electronic(1) A1 Nap, Hanneke A1 van der Zande, Iris A1 Kramer, Eelco A1 van den Heuvel, GondaYR 2018 T1 ONDER DE HUID VAN ZWARTE PIET JF De Moderne Tijd, VO 2 IS 2 SP 161 OP 187 DO https://doi.org/10.5117/DMT2018.2.004.HEUV PB Amsterdam University Press, SN 2667-162X, AB UNDER BLACK PETE’S SKIN Dark figures around the nineteenth-century Feast of Saint Nicholas The Dutch debate surrounding Black Pete (Zwarte Piet) has become deeply polarized. Proponents as well as opponents of the black assistant of Saint Nicholas base their opinions on his assumed origin. While supporters of Black Pete believe that he originated from pre-Christian traditions, the anti-Black Pete camp is convinced he can be traced back to a world of slavery and racism. This article shows that the present figure of Black Pete is a nineteenth-century amalgamation of different types and traditions. This means that Black Pete cannot be reduced to a single, unambiguous meaning. Therefore, the answer to the question concerning his identity and his alleged racist character must be found in his reception rather than his origin., UL https://www.aup-online.com/content/journals/10.5117/DMT2018.2.004.HEUV