@article{aup:/content/journals/10.5117/TVGESCH2014.4.WUBS, author = "Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna", title = "Kopieergedrag", journal= "Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis", year = "2014", volume = "127", number = "4", pages = "603-624", doi = "https://doi.org/10.5117/TVGESCH2014.4.WUBS", url = "https://www.aup-online.com/content/journals/10.5117/TVGESCH2014.4.WUBS", publisher = "Amsterdam University Press", issn = "2352-1163", type = "Journal Article", keywords = "Danzig", keywords = "Literacy", keywords = "Hanse", keywords = "political communication", keywords = "diplomacy", abstract = "Abstract Copy that. The forms and functions of copies in the late medieval letter exchange of Hanseatic towns This article argues that copies distributed as part of the political communication in northern Europe were more than a substitute for the originals or simply an efficient way of spreading information. The case of the Hanseatic towns shows that copies could be refined instruments of diplomacy: they could be a way to express inclusion, support, or openness and impartiality, to give a favour, or show willingness to resolve a conflict. Equally, a copy could exclude, put under pressure, obscure, or manipulate, and even lead to serious conflicts. Circulating copies – or deciding not to circulate them – was a conscious, complex choice made by town councils, individuals, and also rulers. In this analysis a distinction is made between diachronic and synchronic copies, since there were differences in their form and intended functions.", }