‘Mothering the artist’ | Amsterdam University Press Journals Online
2004
Volume 22, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 1388-3186
  • E-ISSN: 2352-2437

Abstract

Abstract

Drawing on Joan Acker’s notion of the ideal worker (1990) and Karen Ashcraft’s notion of the ‘glass slipper’ (2013), this paper investigates the organising practices that gender the occupation of artist manager and the music industry, and how women artist managers construct an identity in an occupation that is tailored on a male ideal manager, made to fit a man’s shoe. Empirically, we draw on thirteen semi-structured interviews with nine women artist managers, two women former artist managers, and two women former students of Music Management. In line with existing literature, our findings show that the Flemish music industry is organised around practices that reflect hegemonic masculinity, and that women managers mimic many of these practices to fit the ideal manager, and, although they see the gender inequality, they do not challenge it. At the same time, they construct an occupational identity by reframing stereotypical feminine competences as indispensable for being a good manager. By making a business case for these competences, they, however, paradoxically also reproduce those same notions of gender that they aim to overcome.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5117/TVGN2019.1.002.MULL
2019-05-01
2024-04-18
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/13883186/22/1/02_TVGEND2019.1_MULL.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5117/TVGN2019.1.002.MULL&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Acker, J.(1990). Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society, 4(2), 139-158.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Acker, J.(2006). Inequality regimes. Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender and Society, 20(4), 441-464.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Acker, J.(2009). From glass ceiling to inequality regimes. Sociologie du Travail, 51, 199-217.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Acker, J.(2012). Gendered organizations and intersectionality: Problems and possibilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 31(3), 214-224.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Afschrift, E.(2010). Relevance and use of social media in the modern music industry (Unpublished master’s thesis). Universiteit Gent, Ghent.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Anker, R.(2001). Theories of occupational segregation by sex: An overview. In M.Fetherolf Loutfi (Ed.), Women, gender and work (pp. 129-156). Geneva: International Labour Office.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Ashcraft, K.L.(2013). The glass slipper: ‘Incorporating’ occupational identity in management studies. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), 6-31.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. Banks, M., & Milestone, K.(2011). Individualization, gender and cultural work. Gender, Work and Organization, 8(1), 73-89.
    [Google Scholar]
  9. Benschop, Y., & Doorewaard, H.(1998). Covered by equality: The gender subtext of organizations. Organization Studies, 19(5), 787-805.
    [Google Scholar]
  10. Bretthauer, B., Zimmerman, T.S., & Banning, J.H.(2007). A feminist analysis of popular music: Power over, objectification of, and violence against women. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy, 18(4), 29-51.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Butler, J.(2004). Undoing gender. New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  12. Calás, M.B., & Smircich, L.(1996). From the woman’s point of view: Feminist approaches to organizational studies. In S.Clegg, C.Hardy, & W.Nord (Eds.), Handbook of organization studies. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Cavendish, R.(1982). Women on the line. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Clawson, M.A.(1999). When women play the bass: Instrument specialization and gender interpretation in alternative rock music. Gender and Society, 13(2), 193-210.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Cockburn, C.(1983). Brothers: Male dominance and technological change. London: Pluto Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  16. Cockburn, C.(1991). In the way of women: Men’s resistance to sex equality in organizations. London: Macmillan Education LTD.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Cohen, S.(1991). Rock culture in Liverpool. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Cohen, S.(1997). Men making the scene. In S.Whiteley (Ed.), Sexing the groove: Popular music and gender. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Collinson, D.L., & Hearn, J.(2005). Men and masculinities in work, organizations and management. In M.S.Kimmel, J.Hearn, & R. W.Connell, (Eds.). Handbook of studies on men and masculinities (pp. 289-310). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Connell, R.W.(1998). Masculinities and globalization. Men and Masculinities, 1(1), 3-23.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Connell, R.W., & Messerschmidt, J.W.(2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829-859.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Conor, B., Gill, R., & Taylor, S.(2015). Gender and creative labour. The Sociological Review, 
63(S1), 1-22.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Cooper, V.W.(1985). Women in popular music: A quantitative analysis of feminine images over time. Sex roles, 13(9-10), 499-506.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Davies, H.(2001). All rock and roll is homosocial: The representation of women in the British rock music press. Gender and Sexuality, 20(3), 301-319.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. DCMS (Department for Culture, Media and Sport)(2001). Creative industries mapping document, London. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/
system/uploads/attachment_data/file/183544/2001part1-foreword2001.pdf
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Deutsch, F.M.(2007). Undoing gender. Gender & society, 21(1), 106-127.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Dotiwala, J. (2013, October 25). Do women rule the music Industry or...?The Huffingtonpost. Retrieved from www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/jasmine-dotiwala/do-women-rule-the-music-industry_b_4156932.html
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Franks, S.(1999). Having none of it: Women, men and the future of work. London: Granta.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Frith, S., & McRobbie, A.(1990). Rock and sexuality. In S.Frith & A.Goodwin (Eds.), On record: Rock, pop and the written word. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Gherardi, S.(1995). Gender, symbolism and organizational cultures. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Gill, R.(2002). Cool, creative and egalitarian? Exploring gender in project-based new media work in Europe. Information, Communication and Society, 5(1), 70-89.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Gill, R.(2014). Unspeakable inequalities: Post feminism, entrepreneurial subjectivity, and the repudiation of sexism among cultural workers. Social Politics, 21(4), 509-528.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Glorieux, I., & Van Tienoven, T.P.(2016). Gender en tijdsbesteding. De (on)wankelbaarheid van genderstereotypen (1999, 2005, 2013). Brussel: Instituut voor de Gelijkheid van Vrouwen en Mannen.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Hennekam, S., & Bennett, D.(2017). Sexual harassment in the creative industries: Tolerance, culture and the need for change. Gender, Work and Organization, 24(4), 417-434.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Henry, C.(2009). Women and the creative industries: Exploring the popular appeal. Creative Industries Journal, 2(2), 143-160.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Hesmondhalgh, D., & Baker, S.(2015). Sex, gender and work segregation in the cultural industries. The Sociological Review, 63(S1), 23-36.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Humberd, B., Ladge, J.J., & Harrington, B.(2015). The ‘new’ dad: Navigating fathering within organizational contexts. Journal of Business and Psychology, 30, 249-266.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Jones, D., & Pringle, J.K.(2015). Unmanageable inequalities: Sexism in the film industry. The Sociological Review, 63(1),37-49.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Kearney, M.C.(2017). Gender and rock. New York: Oxford University Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Kelan, E.K.(2010). Gender logic and (un)doing gender at work. Gender, Work and Organization, 17, 174-194.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Leonard, M.(2016). Girls at work: Gendered identities, sex segregation and employment experiences in the music industries. In J.Warwick & A.Adrian (Eds.), Voicing girlhood in popular music: Performance, authority, authenticity (pp. 37-55). New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Lewis, P., Simpson, R., & Benschop, Y. (Eds.). (2018). Postfeminism and organization. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Lorber, J.(2000). Using gender to undo gender: A feminist degendering movement. Feminist theory, 1(1), 79-95.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Massey, D.(1994). Space, place and gender. Cambridge: Polity Press.#8232;
    [Google Scholar]
  45. McCormack, A. (2018, March 8). By the numbers 2018: The gender gap in the Australian music industry. ABC. Retrieved from www.abc.net.au/triplej/programs/hack/by-the-numbers-2018/9524084
    [Google Scholar]
  46. McRobbie, A.(2004). British fashion design: Rag trade or image industry?London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Milestone, K., & Meyer, A.(2012). Gender and popular culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Miller, D.L.(2016). Gender and the artist archetype: Understanding gender inequality in artistic careers. Sociology Compass, 10(2), 119-131.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Morash, M., & Haarr, R.N.(2012). Doing, redoing and undoing gender: Variation in gender identities of women working as police officer. Feminist Criminology, 7, 3-23.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Negus, K.(1993). Producing pop: Culture and conflict in the popular music industry. London: Goldsmith Research Online.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Nixon, S.(2003). Advertising cultures: Gender, commerce, creativity. London: Sage.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. O’Sullivan, C.(2018). The gender barriers in the indie and dance music scene in Dublin. IASPM@Journal, 8(1), 103-116.
    [Google Scholar]
  53. Parsons, P.R.(1988). The changing role of women executives in the recording industry. Popular music and society, 12(4), 31-42.
    [Google Scholar]
  54. Pratt, A.C.(2000). New media, the new economy and new spaces. Geoforum, 31(4), 425-436.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. Pruitt, A.-S.(2018). Redoing gender: How women in the funeral industry use essentialism for equality. Gender, Work and Organization, 25(2), 144-158.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. Reddington, H.(2007). The lost women of rock music. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Scharff, C.(2015). Equality & diversity in the classical music profession (Research Report). London: Kings College.
    [Google Scholar]
  58. Steward, S., & Garratt, S.(1984). Signed, sealed and delivered: True life stories of women in Pop. Boston: South End Press.
    [Google Scholar]
  59. UK Music. (2017). UK Music Diversity survey results (Research Report). Retrieved from https://www.ukmusic.org/equality-diversity/uk-music-diversity-taskforce-workforce-diversity-survey-2016/
    [Google Scholar]
  60. Vanhaverbeke, G.(2015). Een verkennend onderzoek naar genderdispariteit in de muziekindustrie bij niet performers in Nederlandstalig België (Unpublished master’s thesis). Universiteit Gent, Ghent.
    [Google Scholar]
  61. Wang, C.S., Whitson, J.A, Anicich, E.M., Kray, L.J., & Galinsky, A.D.(2017). Challenge your stigma: How to reframe and revalue negative stereotypes and slurs. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(1), 75-80.
    [Google Scholar]
  62. West, C., & Zimmerman, D.H.(1987). Doing gender. Gender & Society, 1(2), 125-151.
    [Google Scholar]
  63. Whiteley, S.(2000). Women and popular music: Sexuality, identity and subjectivity. London: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  64. Willekens, M., Siongers, J., & Lievens, J.(2018). Waar ligt de grens? Grensoverschrijdend gedrag in de cultuur- en mediasector. Gent: CuDOS.
    [Google Scholar]
  65. Wing-Fai, L., Gill, R., & Randle, K.(2015). Getting in, getting on, getting out? Women as career scramblers in the UK film and television industries. The Sociological Review, 63, 50-65.
    [Google Scholar]
  66. Women in Music(2017). The Stats. Women in Music. Retrieved from from https://www.womeninmusic
.org/stats.html
    [Google Scholar]
  67. Wooten, M.E., & Branch, E.H.(2012). Defining appropriate labor: Race, gender, and idealization of black women in domestic service. Race, Gender & Class, 19(3-4), 292-308.
    [Google Scholar]
  68. Zanoni, P., Thoelen, A., & Ybema, S.(2017). Unveiling the subject behind diversity: Exploring the micro-politics of representation in ethnic minority creatives’ identity work. Organization, 24(3), 330-354.
    [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.5117/TVGN2019.1.002.MULL
Loading
This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error