2004
Special Issue: 25 years European Landscape Convention
  • E-ISSN: 2452-1051

Samenvatting

Abstract

The European Landscape Convention (ELC) promotes actions to maintain or enhance the quality of European landscapes. Agricultural landscapes cover 38% of European land and face multiple spatial challenges, creating public concerns about their future quality. This also applies to the Netherlands, a country that signed the ELC and developed multiple policies to maintain and enhance spatial quality of landscapes. However, spatial quality can be an ambiguous concept, leading to miscommunication between stakeholders involved in the protection, management and planning of agricultural landscapes. To contribute to the communication of spatial quality, this literature review identified 18 grouped into four of spatial quality: and . Based on these , we found that spatial quality is understood either as (1) only, (2) only, (3) the combination of and , and (4) the combination of all four . The consideration of all four allows the identification of synergies and trade-offs across spatial quality objectives, which is essential for the development of high quality agricultural landscapes.

Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5117/JEL2025.3.006.BAKX
2025-10-01
2025-12-05
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/24521051/6/3/JEL2025.3.006.BAKX.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5117/JEL2025.3.006.BAKX&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Alleblas, J.T. W., J. K. M.Te Boekhorst, and W.de Haas. 1996. Vier kassengebieden in Europa: visie op ruimtelijke kwaliteit. LEI-DLO (The Hague). https://edepot.wur.nl/297173.
    [Google Scholar]
  2. Antrop, M.2018. “A brief history of landscape research.” In The Routledge companion to landscape studies edited by PeterHoward, IanThompson and EmmaWaterton. London and New York: Routledge.
    [Google Scholar]
  3. Bakx, M., S.Stremke, and S.Lenzholzer. 2023. “Beyond landscape experience: A systematic literature review on the concept of spatial quality in flood-risk management.”WIREs Water10 (5). https://doi:10.1002/wat2.1669.
    [Google Scholar]
  4. Biró-Varga, K., I.Sirnik, and S.Stremke. 2024. “Landscape user experiences of interspace and overhead agrivoltaics: A comparative analysis of two novel types of solar landscapes in the Netherlands.”Energy Research & Social Science109 (March2024): 103408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2023.103408.
    [Google Scholar]
  5. Braun, V., and V.Clarke. 2006. “Using thematic analysis in psychology.”Qualitative Research in Psychology3 (2): 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
    [Google Scholar]
  6. Brunetta, G., and A.Voghera. 2008. “Evaluating landscape for shared values: Tools, principles, and methods.”Landscape Research33 (1): 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390701773839.
    [Google Scholar]
  7. Buijs, A., W.Nieuwenhuizen, F.Langers, and H.Kramer. 2019. Resultaten Nationale Landschapsenquête: onderzoek naar visies en waardering van de Nederlandse bevolking over het landelijk gebied in Nederland. Wageningen Environmental Research (Wageningen). https://edepot.wur.nl/471086.
    [Google Scholar]
  8. BZK. 2020. Nationale Omgevingsvisie. Duurzaam perspectief voor onze leefomgeving.
  9. BZK. 2022. Programma Mooi Nederland. The Hague.
  10. Clemetsen, M., and J.van Laar. 2000. “The contribution of organic agriculture to landscape quality in the Sogn og Fjordane region of Western Norway.”Agriculture, ecosystems & environment77 (1-2): 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00098-5.
    [Google Scholar]
  11. Council of Europe. 2000. European Landscape Convention.
  12. Crabb, J., L.Firbank, M.Winter, C.Parham, and A.Dauven. 1998. “Set-aside landscapes: farmer perceptions and practices in England.”Landscape Research23 (3): 237-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426399808706543.
    [Google Scholar]
  13. Dessing, E. G. M., and G. F. P.IJkelenstam. 1988. Vierde nota over de ruimtelijke ordening deel a: Beleidsuitspraken over de landelijke gebieden.
    [Google Scholar]
  14. Druijf, F.2004. “Zorglandbouw & Stadslandschap: De betekenis van zorglandbouw voor de ruimtelijke kwaliteit van de groene ruimte in de stadsrand.”MSc, Land-use planning, Wageningen University.
    [Google Scholar]
  15. Eurostat. 2024. “EU organic farming: 16.9 million hectares in 2022.” Accessed 04.09.2024. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20240619-3.
  16. Groot, J. C., W. A.Rossing, A.Jellema, D. J.Stobbelaar, H.Renting, and M. K.Van Ittersum. 2007. “Exploring multi-scale trade-offs between nature conservation, agricultural profits and landscape quality—a methodology to support discussions on land-use perspectives.”Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment120 (1): 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2006.03.037.
    [Google Scholar]
  17. Groot, J. C., W. A.Rossing, M.Tichit, N.Turpin, A.Jellema, J.Baudry, P.H.Verburg, L.Doyen, and G. W.Van de Ven. 2009. “On the contribution of modelling to multifunctional agriculture: learning from comparisons.”Journal of Environmental Management90: 147-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.11.030.
    [Google Scholar]
  18. Hendriks, K., and D. J.Stobbelaar. 2003. “Landbouw in een leesbaar landschap: hoe gangbare en biologische landbouwbedrijven bijdragen aan landschapskwaliteit.” PhD, Wageningen University. https://edepot.wur.nl/121408.
    [Google Scholar]
  19. Hendriks, K., D. J.Stobbelaar, and J. D.van Mansvelt. 1997. “Some criteria for landscape quality applied on an organic goat farm in Gelderland, the Netherlands.”Agriculture, ecosystems & environment63 (2-3): 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(97)00011-X.
    [Google Scholar]
  20. Hendriks, K., D. J.Stobbelaar, and J. D.van Mansvelt. 2000. “The appearance of agriculture: An assessment of the quality of landscape of both organic and conventional horticultural farms in West Friesland.”Agriculture, ecosystems & environment77 (1-2): 157-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00100-0.
    [Google Scholar]
  21. Hoogeveen, Y. R., J.van Os, F. H.Bethe, J. M. J.Farjon, C. M. L.Hermans, R.Leopold, F.Langers, and I. G. A. M.Noij. 2000. Toetsingskader reconstructie; criteria voor de beoordeling van de effecten van de reconstructie van de varkenshouderij op ruimtelijke kwaliteit. Alterra (Wageningen). https://edepot.wur.nl/231013.
    [Google Scholar]
  22. Huttenhuis, D. S.2004. De potentiële bijdrage van agrarisch natuurbeheer aan landschapskwaliteit. Natuurplanbureau (Wageningen). https://edepot.wur.nl/29710.
    [Google Scholar]
  23. Keijzer, C., A.Kempenaar, M.van den Brink, and B.Restemeyer. 2025. “The quest for spatial quality in Dutch national planning between the 1980s and 2020s.”Planning Perspectives1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2025.2534029.
    [Google Scholar]
  24. Kuiper, J.2000. “A checklist approach to evaluate the contribution of organic farms to landscape quality.”Agriculture, ecosystems & environment77 (1): 143-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00099-7.
    [Google Scholar]
  25. Liberati, A., D. G.Altman, J.Tetzlaff, C.Mulrow, P. C.Gøtzsche, J. P.Ioannidis, M.Clarke, P.J.Devereaux, J.Kleijnen, and D.Moher. 2009. “The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration.”PLoS Med6 (7): e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100.
    [Google Scholar]
  26. Mayordomo-Maya, S., and J.Hermosilla-Pla. 2022. “Evaluation of Landscape Quality in Valencia’s Agricultural Gardens—A Method Adapted to Multifunctional, Territorialized Agrifood Systems (MTAS).”Land11 (3): 398. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11030398.
    [Google Scholar]
  27. Michels-Brito, A., J. C. R.Ferreira, and C. H.Saito. 2024. “The source-to-sea landscape: A hybrid integrative territory management approach.”Science of The Total Environment931: 172961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172961.
    [Google Scholar]
  28. Moulaert, F., B.Van Dyck, A. Z.Khan, and J.Schreurs. 2013. “Building a meta-framework to ‘address’ spatial quality.”International Planning Studies18 (3-4): 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2013.837137.
    [Google Scholar]
  29. Nagy, G. G., M.Ladányi, I.Arany, R.Aszalós, and B.Czúcz. 2017. “Birds and plants: Comparing biodiversity indicators in eight lowland agricultural mosaic landscapes in Hungary.”Ecological Indicators73: 566-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.09.053.
    [Google Scholar]
  30. Neven, K.2008. “Hoe kan multifunctionele landbouw bijdragen aan landschapskwaliteit? Een literatuurstudie en een case-study in Het Groene Woud.”MSc, Landscape Architecture / Rural Sociology, Wageningen University.
    [Google Scholar]
  31. Niedermayr, A., L.Schaller, P.Mariel, P.Kieninger, and J.Kantelhardt. 2018. “Heterogeneous preferences for public goods provided by agriculture in a region of intensive agricultural production: the case of the Marchfeld.”Sustainability10 (6): 2061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10062061.
    [Google Scholar]
  32. Olwig, K. R.2007. “The Practice of Landscape ‘Conventions’ and the Just Landscape: The Case of the European Landscape Convention.”Landscape Research32 (5): 579-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390701552738.
    [Google Scholar]
  33. Palang, H., and G.Fry. 2003. “Landscape interfaces: introduction.” In Landscape interfaces: cultural heritage in changing landscapes, edited by H.Palang and G.Fry. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
    [Google Scholar]
  34. Palm, J., and D.Lazoroska. 2021. “Collaborative planning through dialogue models: situated practices, the pursuit of transferability and the role of leadership.”Journal of Environmental Planning and Management64 (1): 164-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1756758.
    [Google Scholar]
  35. Parra-López, C., J. C.Groot, C.Carmona-Torres, and W. A.Rossing. 2008. “Integrating public demands into model-based design for multifunctional agriculture: An application to intensive Dutch dairy landscapes.”Ecological Economics67 (4): 538-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.007.
    [Google Scholar]
  36. Parra-López, C., J. C.Groot, C.Carmona-Torres, and W. A.Rossing. 2009. “An integrated approach for ex-ante evaluation of public policies for sustainable agriculture at landscape level.”Land Use Policy26 (4): 1020-1030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.12.006.
    [Google Scholar]
  37. Peters, B., M.van Buuren, K.van den Herik, M.Daalder, B.Tempels, J.Rijke, and B.Pedroli. 2021. “The Smart Rivers approach: Spatial quality in flood protection and floodplain restoration projects based on river DNA.”Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water8 (3): 1-11. https://doi.org/doi:10.1002/wat2.1511.
    [Google Scholar]
  38. Reinhard, A. J., A.van den Ham, and B.van der Ploeg. 2003. Naar ruimtelijke kwaliteit in De Venen: Effecten van financiële instrumenten van het LNV-beleid. LEI (Den Haag). https://edepot.wur.nl/41267.
    [Google Scholar]
  39. Restemeyer, B., M.van den Brink, and J.Arts. 2024. “A policy instruments palette for spatial quality: lessons from Dutch flood risk management.”Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning26 (3): 249-263. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2024.2328072.
    [Google Scholar]
  40. Rossi, Roberto, DionisioNota, and FabrizioFossi. 1997. “Landscape and nature production capacity of organic types of agriculture: Examples of organic farms in two Tuscan landscapes.”Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment63: 159-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(97)00012-1.
    [Google Scholar]
  41. Schengenga, P., J.Wilbers, L.Keip, A.Garrelts, J.Lingbeek, and E.Minderman. 2023. Startnotitie Gebiedsplan Groningen: Transitie Landelijk Gebied. H+N+S Landschapsarchitecten.
    [Google Scholar]
  42. Shi, X., T.Matsui, C.Haga, T.Machimura, S.Hashimoto, and O.Saito. 2021. “A scenario-and spatial-downscaling-based land-use modeling framework to improve the projections of plausible futures: a case study of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area, China.”Sustainability Science16: 1977-1998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-01011-z.
    [Google Scholar]
  43. Song, B., G. M.Robinson, and D. K.Bardsley. 2020. “Measuring multifunctional agricultural landscapes.”Land9 (8): 260https://doi.org/10.3390/land9080260.
    [Google Scholar]
  44. Stephenson, J.2008. “The Cultural Values Model: An integrated approach to values in landscapes.”Landscape and urban planning84 (2): 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.07.003.
    [Google Scholar]
  45. Stobbelaar, D. J., J.Kuiper, J. D.van Mansvelt, and E.Kabourakis. 2000. “Landscape quality on organic farms in the Messara valley, Crete: Organic farms as components in the landscape.”Agriculture, ecosystems & environment77 (1-2): 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00094-8.
    [Google Scholar]
  46. Suškevičs, M., S.Eiter, S.Martinat, D.Stober, E.Vollmer, C. L.de Boer, and M.Buchecker. 2019. “Regional variation in public acceptance of wind energy development in Europe: What are the roles of planning procedures and participation?”Land Use Policy81: 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.10.032.
    [Google Scholar]
  47. Tassinari, P., D.Torreggiani, S.Benni, and E.Dall’Ara. 2013. “Landscape quality in farmyard design: an approach for Italian wine farms.”Landscape Research38 (6): 729-749. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2012.746653.
    [Google Scholar]
  48. Tomaselli, G., P.Russo, L.Riguccio, M.Quattrone, and A.D’Emilio. 2020. “Assessment of landscape regeneration of a Natura 2000 site hosting greenhouse farming by using a dashboard of indicators. A case in Sicily through the territorial implementation of a” pilot project” at farm level.”Land use policy92: 104444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104444.
    [Google Scholar]
  49. Torreggiani, D., and P.Tassinari. 2012. “Landscape quality of farm buildings: The evolution of the design approach in Italy.”Journal of Cultural Heritage13 (1): 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011.06.002.
    [Google Scholar]
  50. Tress, B., and G.Tress. 2001. “Capitalising on multiplicity; a transdisciplinary systems approach to landscape research.”Landscape and Urban Planning57: 143-157.
    [Google Scholar]
  51. Tveit, M., ÅOde, and G.Fry. 2006. “Key concepts in a framework for analysing visual landscape character.”Landscape Research31 (3): 229-255. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426390600783269.
    [Google Scholar]
  52. Tweede Kamer. 2001. Planologische Kernbeslissing Vijfde Nota Ruimtelijke Ordening.
  53. Tweede Kamer. 2004. Nota ruimte—deel 3: Kabinetsstandpunt.
  54. van der Ploeg, B., L. M.van den Berg, M. H.Borgstein, A.van den Ham, K. R.de Poel, R.Leopold, and R. A. M.Schrijver. 2001. Groene Hart met landbouw naar een hoger peil? Over de vraag of verhoging van waterpeil kan samengaan met verhoging van ruimtelijke kwaliteit. LEI (Den Haag). https://edepot.wur.nl/29162.
    [Google Scholar]
  55. van Eck, W., B.van der Ploeg, K. R.de Poel, and B. W.Zaalmink. 1996. Koeien en koersen: ruimtelijke kwaliteit van melkveehouderijsystemen in 2025. DLO-Staring Centrum/DLO-LEI (Wageningen/Den Haag). https://edepot.wur.nl/300729.
    [Google Scholar]
  56. van Elsen, T.2000. “Species diversity as a task for organic agriculture in Europe.”Agriculture, ecosystems & environment77 (1-2): 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00096-1.
    [Google Scholar]
  57. Vitruvius Pollio, M.De Architectura (translated by Morris Hicky Morgan, 1960. The ten books on architecture). Courier Dover Publications.
    [Google Scholar]
/content/journals/10.5117/JEL2025.3.006.BAKX
Loading
/content/journals/10.5117/JEL2025.3.006.BAKX
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Dit is een verplicht veld
Graag een geldig e-mailadres invoeren
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error