oa De ontwikkeling van de CLIO: een vragenlijst voor charismatisch leiderschap in organisaties

The development of the CLIO: A questionnaire for measuring charismatic leadership in organizations

Annebel H.B. de Hoogh, Deanne N. den Hartog & Paul L. Koopman, Gedrag & Organisatie, Volume 17, October 2004, nr. 5, pp. 354-382

This paper describes research on the development and evaluation of a new questionnaire measuring Charismatic Leadership in Organizations (CLIO). The questionnaire was conducted among 361 managers as part of an assessment to evaluate managerial potential for either selection or developmental purposes. Nine months later, 100 of these managers participated in a 360-degree multi-feedback follow-up study. Factor analyses on a random half of a subordinate sample (total n = 274) resulted in a combined scale that includes a charismatic and empowering leadership style, as well as autocratic, transactional and passive leadership scales (27 items in total). Cross-validation on the other random half of the subordinate sample confirmed this four-factor model. The leadership dimensions were found to be invariant across most rater sources (self, superiors, peers, subordinates), but not across rating purpose (selection versus development). Analyses indicate good reliability and criterion validity, although the autocratic and passive leadership scales need further refinement.