Overbruggen van denkbeelden en grenzen: De effecten van opleidingsniveau op anti-immigratie attituden in West- en Oost-Europa | Amsterdam University Press Journals Online
2004
  1. Home
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Mens & Maatschappij
  4. Volume 99, Issue 1
  5. Article
Volume 99, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 0025-9454
  • E-ISSN: 1876-2816

Abstract

Abstract

Increasing immigration flows into the European Union over the past two decades have created tensions between Eastern and Western European member states over how best to address this problem. This article examines and compares the effect of educational attainment on anti-immigration attitudes in Eastern and Western European countries from 2002 to 2022. It also evaluates whether and how this effect is mediated by cultural and economic threat perceptions in the Eastern and Western European contexts. Using the Hayes process multiple moderated mediation regression model, we find an overall effect of educational attainment on anti-immigration attitudes, which is partially mediated by economic and cultural threat perceptions in both regions. The strength of these mediating effects varies by region and is smaller for both types of perceived threats in the context of Eastern Europe. These results highlight the importance of taking regional differences into account when examining the relationship between educational attainment and anti-immigrant attitudes in the European context, as well as for understanding and developing immigration policy in the EU.

© Chris Goossens & Jan-Willem Simons
Loading

Article metrics loading...

/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2024.1.003.GOOS
2024-03-01
2024-04-28
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

References

  1. Autor, D. H. (2014). Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the “other 99 percent”. Science, 344(6186), 843–851. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1251868
     [Google Scholar]
  2. Bandelj, N. (2016). On postsocialist capitalism. Theory and Society, 45(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-016-9265-z
     [Google Scholar]
  3. Barlai, M., Fähnrich, B., Griessler, C., & Rhomberg, M. (Eds.). (2017). The migrant crisis: European perspectives and national discourses (Vol. 13). LIT Verlag Münster.
     [Google Scholar]
  4. Bartasevičius, V. (2022). Popular understandings of national identity in Europe: Still a gulf between West and East?. Nations and Nationalism. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12917
     [Google Scholar]
  5. Berglee, R. (2012). World regional geography: People, places and globalization.
     [Google Scholar]
  6. Blumer, H. (1958). Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position. Pacific sociological review, 1(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.2307/1388607
     [Google Scholar]
  7. Bobo, L. D. (1999). Prejudice as Group Position: Microfoundations of a Sociological Approach to Racism and Race Relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 445–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00127
     [Google Scholar]
  8. Bobo, L., & Licari, F. C. (1989). Education and political tolerance: Testing the effects of cognitive sophistication and target group affect. Public Opinion Quarterly, 53(3), 285-308.
     [Google Scholar]
  9. Borgonovi, F., & Pokropek, A. (2019). Education and attitudes towards migration in a cross country perspective. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02224
     [Google Scholar]
  10. Bromley, P. (2009). Cosmopolitanism in Civic Education: Exploring Cross-National Trends, 1970-2008. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 12(1), 33–44. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ879767.pdf
     [Google Scholar]
  11. Brubaker, R. (2004). Ethnicity without groups. Harvard University Press
     [Google Scholar]
  12. Callens, M.-S., & Meuleman, B. (2017). Do integration policies relate to economic and cultural threat perceptions? A comparative study in Europe. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 58(5), 367–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020715216665437
     [Google Scholar]
  13. Coenders, M. (2001). Nationalistic Attitudes and Ethnic Exclusionism in a Comparative Perspective. An Empirical Study of Attitudes towards the Country and Ethnic Immigrants in 22 Countries (Vol. 78, pp. 1–277).
     [Google Scholar]
  14. Coenders, Marcel, and PeerScheepers. 2003. “The Effect of Education on Nationalism and Ethnic Exclusionism: An International Comparison.”Political Psychology24: 313–343. doi: 10.1111/0162-895X.00330
     [Google Scholar]
  15. Cribari-Neto, F., & Da Silva, W. P. (2011). A new heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator for the linear regression model. AStA Advances in Statistical Analysis, 95(2), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10182-010-0141-2
     [Google Scholar]
  16. Csanyi, P. (2020). Impact of Immigration on Europe and its Approach towards the Migration (European Union States VS Visegrad Group Countries). Journal of Comparative Politics, 13(2), 4-23. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/impact-immigration-on-europe-approach-towards/docview/2416481842/se-2.
     [Google Scholar]
  17. Davies, I., & Blalock, H. M. (1967). towards a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. British Journal of Sociology, 18, 463. https://doi.org/10.2307/588680
     [Google Scholar]
  18. Dražanová, L. (2022). Sometimes it is the little things: A meta-analysis of individual and contextual determinants of attitudes towards immigration (2009–2019). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 87, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2022.01.008
     [Google Scholar]
  19. Dražanová, L., et, F. (2022b). Understanding differences in attitudes to immigration: A meta-analysis of individual-level factors (No. 2235). Kiel Working Paper.
     [Google Scholar]
  20. Drazanova, Lenka. (2017). Education and Tolerance: A Comparative Quantitative Analysis of the Educational Effect on Tolerance. 10.3726/b10889.
     [Google Scholar]
  21. ESS Round 10: European Social Survey Round 10 Data (2020). Data file edition 1.2. Sikt – Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. doi:10.21338/NSD-ESS10-2020.
  22. Finseraas, H., Skorge, Ø. S., & Strøm, M. (2018). Does education affect immigration attitudes? Evidence from an education reform. Electoral Studies, 55, 131-135.
     [Google Scholar]
  23. Goldstein, J., & Peters, M. E. (2014). Nativism or Economic Threat: Attitudes towards Immigrants During the Great Recession. International Interactions, 40(3), 376–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050629.2014.899219
     [Google Scholar]
  24. Gonnot, J., Dražanová, L., & Brunori, C. (2020). Global trends and continental differences in attitudes to immigration: thinking outside the Western box. European University Institute. DOI: 10.2870/071254
     [Google Scholar]
  25. Gorodzeisky, Anastasia. 2011. “Who are the Europeans that Europeans Prefer? Economic Conditions and Exclusionary Views Toward European Immigrants.”International Journal of Comparative Sociology52: 100–113. doi: 10.1177/0020715210377158
     [Google Scholar]
  26. Grande, E., Schwarzbözl, T., & Fatke, M. (2019). Politicizing immigration in Western Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 26(10), 1444–1463. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2018.1531909
     [Google Scholar]
  27. Green-Pedersen, C., & Otjes, S. (2019). A hot topic? Immigration on the agenda in Western Europe. Party Politics, 25(3), 424–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068817728211
     [Google Scholar]
  28. Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. (2007). Educated Preferences: Explaining Attitudes Toward Immigration in Europe. International Organization, 61(2), 399-442. doi:10.1017/S0020818307070142
     [Google Scholar]
  29. Hainmueller, J., & Hiscox, M. J. (2010). Attitudes towards Highly Skilled and Lowskilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment. American Political Science Review, 104(1), 61–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0003055409990372
     [Google Scholar]
  30. Hainmueller, J., & Hopkins, D. J. (2014). Public Attitudes towards Immigration. Annual Review of Political Science, 17(1), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818
     [Google Scholar]
  31. Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BB1323391X
     [Google Scholar]
  32. Hellwig, T., & Sinno, A. H. (2017). Different groups, different threats: public attitudes towards immigrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(3), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2016.1202749
     [Google Scholar]
  33. Hjerm, M. (2001). Education, xenophobia and nationalism: A comparative analysis. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(1), 37–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830124482
     [Google Scholar]
  34. Hjerm, M., & Nagayoshi, K. (2011). The composition of the minority population as a threat: Can real economic and cultural threats explain xenophobia?International Sociology, 26(6), 815–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580910394004
     [Google Scholar]
  35. Hoxhaj, R., & Zuccotti, C. V. (2021). The complex relationship between immigrants’ concentration, socioeconomic environment and attitudes towards immigrants in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 44(2), 272-292.
     [Google Scholar]
  36. Huntington, S. P., & Dunn, S. R. (2004). Who are we?: The challenges to America’s national identity. Simon and Schuster
     [Google Scholar]
  37. Hyman, H. H., & Wright, C. R. (1979). Education’s lasting influence on values.
     [Google Scholar]
  38. International Migration Outlook2018. (2018). In International migration out-look. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://doi.org/10.1787/migr_outlook-2018-en
  39. Janmaat, J. G. (2006). Popular conceptions of nationhood in old and new European member states: Partial support for the ethnic-civic framework. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 29(1), 50–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870500352363
     [Google Scholar]
  40. Jetten, J., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1996). Intergroup norms and intergroup discrimination: Distinctive self-categorization and social identity effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1222–1233. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.6.1222
     [Google Scholar]
  41. Jones, F. R., & Smith, P. L. (2001). Diversity and Commonality in National Identities: An Exploratory Analysis of Cross-National Patterns. Journal of Sociology, 37(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/144078301128756193
     [Google Scholar]
  42. Kohn, H. (1946). The Idea of Nationalism, a Study in Its Origins and Background. The Jewish Quarterly Review, 37(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.2307/1452557
     [Google Scholar]
  43. Krastev, I. (2017). The Refugee Crisis and the Return of the East-West Divide in Europe. Slavic Review, 76(2), 291–296. https://doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.77
     [Google Scholar]
  44. Kunovich, R. M. (2004). Social structural position and prejudice: an exploration of cross-national differences in regression slopes. Social Science Research, 33(1), 20–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0049-089x(03)00037-1
     [Google Scholar]
  45. Kunovich, R. M. (2009). The Sources and Consequences of National Identification. American Sociological Review, 74(4), 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400404
     [Google Scholar]
  46. Kuzio, T. (2002). The Myth of the civic state: A critical survey of Hans Kohn’s framework for understanding nationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 25(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870120112049
     [Google Scholar]
  47. Lahav, G. (2004). Public Opinion towards Immigration in the European Union. Comparative Political Studies, 37(10), 1151–1183. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414004269826
     [Google Scholar]
  48. Larsen, C. P. (2017). Revitalizing the ‘civic’ and ‘ethnic’ distinction. Perceptions of nationhood across two dimensions, 44 countries and two decades. Nations and Nationalism, 23(4), 970–993. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12345
     [Google Scholar]
  49. Mincu, Monica. (2009). Myth, Rhetoric, and Ideology in Eastern European Education: Schools and Citizenship in Hungary, Poland, and Romania. European Education. 41. 10.2753/EUE1056-4934410103
     [Google Scholar]
  50. Polavieja, J. G. (2016). labor-market competition, recession and anti-immigrant sentiments in Europe: occupational and environmental drivers of competitive threat. Socio-economic Review, mww002. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mww002
     [Google Scholar]
  51. Quinley, H. E., & Glock, C. Y. (1979). Anti-semitism in America. Transaction Publishers.
     [Google Scholar]
  52. Raijman, Rebeca, MosheSemyonov, and PeterSchmidt. (2003). “Do Foreigners Deserve Rights? Determinants of Public Views Towards Foreigners in Germany and Israel.”European Sociological Review19: 379–392. doi: 10.1093/esr/19.4.379
     [Google Scholar]
  53. Reeskens, T. and Hooghe, M.2010. ‘Beyond the civic–ethnic dichotomy: investigating the structure of citizenship concepts across thirty-three countries’, Nations and Nationalism16, 4: 579–597
     [Google Scholar]
  54. Semyonov, M., Raijman, R., & Gorodzeisky, A. (2006). The Rise of Anti-foreigner Sentiment in European Societies, 1988-2000. American Sociological Review, 71(3), 426–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100304
     [Google Scholar]
  55. Semyonov, Moshe, RebecaRaijman, and AnastasiaGorodzeisky. (2008). “Foreigners’ Impact on European Societies: Public Views and Perceptions in a Cross-National Comparative Perspective.”International Journal of Comparative Sociology49: 5–29. doi:10.1177/0020715207088585
     [Google Scholar]
  56. Shulman, S. (2002). Challenging the civic/ethnic and west/east dichotomies in the study of nationalism. Comparative Political Studies, 35(5), 554–585. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414002035005003
     [Google Scholar]
  57. Stubager, R. (2008). Education effects on authoritarian–libertarian values: a question of socialization1. British Journal of Sociology, 59(2), 327–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2008.00196.x
     [Google Scholar]
  58. Tilly, C. (1994). States and nationalism in Europe 1492?1992. Theory and Society, 23(1), 131–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00993675
     [Google Scholar]
  59. Toygür, İ., & Benvenuti, B. (2016). The European response to the refugee crisis: Angela Merkel on the move. IPC Mercator Policy Brief.
     [Google Scholar]
  60. van der Waal, J., Achterberg, P., Houtman, D., de Koster, W., & Manevska, K. (2010). ‘Some are more equal than others’: economic egalitarianism and welfare chauvinism in the Netherlands. Journal of European Social Policy, 20(4), 350-363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928710374376
     [Google Scholar]
  61. Verkuyten, M. (2009). Support for multiculturalism and minority rights: The role of national identification and out-group threat. Social Justice Research, 22(1), 31–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0087-7
     [Google Scholar]
  62. World Economic Outlook database, October2022. (2022a, oktober11). IMF. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/download-entire-database
  63. World Migration Report2022. (2021). In World migration report ... Wiley. https://doi.org/10.18356/9789292680763
  64. Yack, B. (2012). Nationalism and the moral psychology of community. University of Chicago Press
     [Google Scholar]
http://instance.metastore.ingenta.com/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2024.1.003.GOOS
Loading
Overbruggen van denkbeelden en grenzen: De effecten van opleidingsniveau op anti-immigratie attituden in West- en Oost-Europa
M&M 99, 33 (2024); https://doi.org/10.5117/MEM2024.1.003.GOOS
/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2024.1.003.GOOS
/content/journals/10.5117/MEM2024.1.003.GOOS
Loading

Data & Media loading...

Keyword(s): anti-immigration attitudes; cultural threat; Eastern/Western Europe; economic threat; education

Most Cited Most Cited RSS feed

This is a required field
Please enter a valid email address
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error