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- Volume 62, Issue 3, 2024
Internationale Neerlandistiek - Volume 62, Issue 3, 2024
Volume 62, Issue 3, 2024
- Artikel
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Meertaligheid in Max Havelaar
Authors: Lesia Chaika & Ivo H. G. BoersAbstract (English)A frequent phenomenon in the speech of bilinguals is code-switching, the use of multiple languages in one conversation, or even within a single sentence. Code-switching researchers are interested in the compromises that bilinguals make to embed elements from one language into the structure of the other. Nouns, for instance, that are embedded in the structure of a language with grammatical gender, have to be classified into gender categories. This study describes the structure of code-switching, in particular the rules for assigning gender to code-switched nouns, in nineteenth-century Dutch, which still clearly distinguished three gender categories. In order to study this, we analysed code-switching in the novel Max Havelaar by Multatuli, who used a wide variety of Indonesian words and phrases, as well as Latin, French, German, and English lexical elements. The results show that insertions are the most common type of code-switching in Max Havelaar, and that gender assignment is guided by three factors, depending on the language of origin: the gender of the noun in the language of origin, the translation equivalent, and phonological cues.
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‘Want hij was een van hen’
By Sven VitseAbstract (English)This contribution expands on Meijer’s study of the representation of masculinity in Dutch Second World War fiction. Analyzing four Dutch novels set during WWII and published in the early postwar period, it examines the construction of masculine gender identities in a wartime situation in both occupied and non-occupied areas, comparing male-authored novels (Maurits Dekker, W. F. Hermans) to female-authored novels (Josepha Mendels, Dola de Jong). In Dekker’s novel the hierarchical relation between different masculinities is overdetermined by the antagonism between resistance masculinity and Nazi masculinity. In Hermans’ novel the war context produces a frustrated, subordinated masculinity as identification with normative resistance masculinity fails. The female-authored novels, set in non-occupied areas, afford more opportunities for an inclusive, non-hierarchical constellation of masculinities. The emancipatory impulses, however, remain tentative in light of the consolidation of hierarchical gender relations in the wartime context.
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Peter Verhelst en de bevraging van het teken
By Hein ViljoenAbstract (English)In this article, I investigate the use of signs in poems from the Flemish poet Peter Verhelst’s collection Wij totale vlam (‘We totally in flame’, 2014) in the light of Derrida’s critique of the sign and the metaphysics of presence. I investigate three prominent sign usages in the collection, namely de-contextualization in the case of ‘Uur en dag’ (‘The hour and the day’), far-reaching abstraction in the case of ‘Aurelia aurita/Felix Baumgartner’, and permutation in the case of ‘Ik ben blij dat je’ (‘I am glad that you’) and the section ‘Blijf’ (‘Stay’). In the end, I conclude that in these poems Verhelst uses many indexical signs that point to a non-existent possible world, that his signs are transformable, and that the many ellipses and haplographies serve to indicate a vague and non-existent possible world that denies but nevertheless maintains a metaphysics of presence.
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